Sogdia - Wikipedia. Sogdia. Sogdiana, c. BC, then under the Seleucid Empire, a diadochi successor state to the empire created by Alexander the Great. Languages. Sogdian language. Religions. Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity. Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. In the Avesta, Sogdiana is listed as the second best land that the supreme deity Ahura Mazda had created. Sogdiana lay north of Bactria, east of Khwarezm, and southeast of Kangju between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), embracing the fertile valley of the Zeravshan (ancient Polytimetus). The Art of Public Speaking by Dale Carnagey (AKA Dale Carnegie) and J. Berg Esenwein The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Art of Public Speaking by Dale Carnagey (AKA. The term Hispanic (Spanish: hispano or hispánico), broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to. The Art of Public Speaking, 11th Edition PDF Free Download, Reviews, Read Online, ISBN: 0073406732, By Stephen Lucas. During the High Middle Ages, Sogdian cities included sites stretching towards Issyk Kul such as that at the archeological site of Suyab. Sogdian, an Eastern Iranian language, is no longer a spoken language, but its direct descendant, Yaghnobi, is still spoken by the Yaghnobis of Tajikistan. It was widely spoken in Central Asia as a lingua franca and even served as one of the Turkic Khaganate's court languages for writing documents. Sogdians also lived in Imperial China and rose to special prominence in the military and government of the Chinese Tang dynasty (6. AD). Sogdian merchants and diplomats traveled as far west as the Byzantine Empire. They played an important part as middlemen in the trade route of the Silk Road. While originally following the faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism from Persia, Buddhism from India, and Nestorian Christianity from West Asia, the gradual conversion to Islam among the Sogdians and their descendants began with the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the 8th century. The Sogdian conversion to Islam was virtually complete by the end of the Samanid Empire in 9. Sogdian language, as it was largely supplanted by Persian. Oswald Szemer. In it, the names provided by the Greek historian Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for . English shoot). The restored Scythian name is *Skuda (archer), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the d has been regularly replaced by an l. According to Szemer. Starting from the names of the province given in Old Persian inscriptions, Sugda and Suguda, and the knowledge derived from Middle Sogdian that Old Persian - gd- applied to Sogdian was pronounced as voiced fricatives, - . This large- scale migration included Eastern Iranian speaking peoples such as the Sogdians. Achaemenid provincial governors) for Sogdiana in historical records, modern scholarship has concluded that Sogdiana was governed from the satrapy of nearby Bactria. Persia's massive loss of Central Asian territory is widely attributed to the ruler's lack of control. However, unlike Egypt, which was quickly recaptured by the Persian Empire, Sogdiana remained independent until it was conquered by Alexander the Great. When the latter invaded the Persian Empire, Pharasmanes, an already independent king of Khwarezm, allied with the Macedonians and sent troops to Alexander in 3. BC for his war against the Scythians of the Black Sea region (even though this anticipated campaign never materialized). Some of them had also gradually settled the land to engage in agriculture. The Sogdian nobleman and warlord Spitamenes (3. BC), allied with Scythian tribes, led an uprising against Alexander's forces. Texts and audio books available online, at Project Gutenberg.This revolt was put down by Alexander and his generals Amyntas, Craterus, and Coenus, with the aid of native Bactrian and Sogdian troops. Subsequently, Sogdiana formed part of the Hellenistic. Greco- Bactrian Kingdom, a breakaway state from the Seleucid Empire founded in 2. BC by Diodotus I, for roughly a century. Finally the area was occupied by nomads when the Scythians and Yuezhis overran it around 1. BC. From then until about 4. BC the Yuezhi tepidly minted coins imitating and still bearing the images of the Greco- Bactrian kings Eucratides I and Heliocles I, yet soon afterwards they began minting unique coins bearing the faces of their own rulers as a prelude to asserting themselves as a world power under the Kushan Empire. Dubs offered the suggestion that a lost legion from the Roman army of Crassus that fought at Carrhae encountered and even fought a Chinese army of the Han Dynasty in the region.. The Romans may have been the enslaved remnants of Crassus' army, defeated by the Parthians and forced to fight on their eastern frontier. Sogdiana (modern Bukhara), east of the Oxus River, on the Polytimetus River, was apparently the most easterly penetration ever made by Roman forces in Asia. The margin of Chinese victory appears to have been their crossbows, whose bolts and darts seem easily to have penetrated Roman shields and armour. The Sogdians, however, established a trading network across the 1. Sogdiana to China. In fact, the Sogdians turned their energies to trade so thoroughly that the Saka of the Kingdom of Khotan called all merchants suli, . BC) of the former Han dynasty. Zhang wrote a report of his visit to the Western Regions in Central Asia and named the area of Sogdiana as . In his Shiji published in 9. BC, Chinese historian Sima Qian remarked that . Contrary to what you (or your trainer) might believe, endorphins aren’t responsibly for that giddy exuberance you feel after a long run. What is associated with the. In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out. The Chinese. Sui Shu (Book of Sui) describes Sogdians as . It appears from sources, such as documents found by Sir Aurel Stein and others, that by the 4th century they may have monopolized trade between India and China. A letter written by Sogdian merchants dated 3. AD and found in the ruins of a watchtower in Gansu was intended to be sent to merchants in Samarkand, warning them that after Liu Cong of Han Zhao sacked Luoyang and the Jin emperor fled the capital, there was no worthwhile business there for Indian and Sogdian merchants. In the 1. 0th century Sogdiana was incorporated into the Uighur Empire, which until 8. Central Asia. This khaganate obtained enormous deliveries of silk from Tang China in exchange for horses, in turn relying on the Sogdians to sell much of this silk further west. Golden writes that the Uyghurs not only adopted the writing system and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as . After the end of the Uyghur Empire, Sogdian trade underwent a crisis. Following the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the 8th century, the Samanids resumed trade on the northwestern road leading to the Khazars and the Urals and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes. The Sogdian influence on trade in China is also made apparent by a Chinese document which lists taxes paid on caravan trade in the Turpan region and shows that twenty- nine out of the thirty- five commercial transactions involved Sogdian merchants, and in thirteen of those cases both the buyer and the seller were Sogdian. These were exchanged for Chinese paper, copper, and silk. He also recorded the Sogdians working in other capacities such as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers. After forming an alliance with the Sasanian ruler Khosrow I to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, Ist. Justin II agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians. Although Roman embassies apparently reached Han China from 1. AD onwards. 4. 08–4. Xinjiang and the rest of China. Although many Sogdians had fled Luoyang following the collapse of the Jin Dynasty's control over northern China in 3. AD, some Sogdians continued living in Gansu. For instance, a sabao (. A prominent case was An Chongzhang, Minister of War, and Duke of Liang who, in 7. Emperor Suzong of Tang to allow him to change his name to Li Baoyu because of his shame in sharing the same surname with the rebel leader. AD) of Dunhuang is evident in a large number of manuscripts written in Chinese characters from left to right instead of vertically, mirroring the direction of how the Sogdian alphabet is read. The Sogdian ruler (i. Sogdian ruler of Panjakent, led his forces to the Zarafshan Range (near modern Zarafshan, Tajikistan), whereas the Sogdians following Karzanj, the ruler of Pai (modern Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan), fled to the Principality of Farghana, where their ruler at- Tar (or Alutar) promised them safety and refuge from the Umayyads. However, at- Tar secretly informed al- Harashi of the Sogdians hiding in Khujand, who were then slaughtered by al- Harashi's forces after their arrival. This conflict incidentally introduced Chinese papermaking to the Islamic world. It also allowed for the rise of the Samanid Empire (8. Persian state centered at Bukhara (in what is now modern Uzbekistan) that nominally observed the Abbasids as their overlords, yet retained a great deal of autonomy and upheld the mercantile legacy of the Sogdians. The Turko- Mongol ruler Timur forcefully brought artisans and intellectuals from across Asia to Samarkand, transforming it not only into a trade hub but also one of the most important cities of the Islamic world. By this point, the Sogdians were entrenched in their role as the central Asian traveling and trading merchants, transferring goods, culture and religion. For instance, during China's Han dynasty, the native name of the Tarim Basin city- state of Loulan was . Hisao Matsuda is a transliteration of the Sogdian word Navapa meaning . The paintings, showing scenes of daily life and events such as the arrival of foreign ambassadors, are located within the ruins of aristocratic homes. It is unclear if any of these palatial residences served as the official palace of the rulers of Samarkand. For instance, it is clear that Buddhist Sogdians incorporated some of their own Persian deities into their version of the Buddhist Pantheon. At Zhetysu, Sogdian gilded bronze plaques on a Buddhist temple show a pairing of a male and female deity with outstretched hands holding a miniature camel, a common non- Buddhist image similarly found in the paintings of Samarkand and Panjakent.
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